Sunday, December 7, 2008
summary of chapter 12 (TFY)
Summary of chapter 12 (TFY)
Deductive Reasoning
Deductive reasoning is a process of starting with one or more premises. The main objective of deductive reasoning is to draw a correct inference from group of claims. It helps to reason well with the information we have already acquired. The main focus of deductive reasoning is on logic and rules of reasoning. Therefore deductive reasoning is not isolated pursuits but are mentally interwoven both in major and mundane problem solving.
Deductive Reasoning
Deductive reasoning is a process of starting with one or more premises. The main objective of deductive reasoning is to draw a correct inference from group of claims. It helps to reason well with the information we have already acquired. The main focus of deductive reasoning is on logic and rules of reasoning. Therefore deductive reasoning is not isolated pursuits but are mentally interwoven both in major and mundane problem solving.
summary of chapter 14 (CRCB)
Summary of chapter 14 (CRCB)
Evaluating Internet Resources
Internet has become important source to provide information in today’s world. Therefore, it is necessary for us to evaluate internet source in order to get reliable and useful information.
The different steps for evaluating internet resources are 1) know your purpose 2) double check your facts and sources 3) consider the source 4) evaluate the look and content of a site 5) consider the intended audience 6) evaluate the writing 7) compare content with what you already know. If we are able to use above mentioned steps then it helps us to be open minded skeptics.
Evaluating Internet Resources
Internet has become important source to provide information in today’s world. Therefore, it is necessary for us to evaluate internet source in order to get reliable and useful information.
The different steps for evaluating internet resources are 1) know your purpose 2) double check your facts and sources 3) consider the source 4) evaluate the look and content of a site 5) consider the intended audience 6) evaluate the writing 7) compare content with what you already know. If we are able to use above mentioned steps then it helps us to be open minded skeptics.
Monday, December 1, 2008
Summary of chapter 13 (CRCB)
Summary of Chapter 13 (CRCB)
Reading beyond the Words
Bloom’s Taxonomy of knowledge helps teachers to use as curriculum guide and assessment tool. They are in pyramid structure. The first one is knowledge. The word clues for it are define, describe, label, list, match, reproduce, select and state. After knowledge level is comprehension level which helps to develop conclusion or make predictions about knowledge we gain. The word clues for it are convert, defend, explain, infer, summarize, recruit, distinguish and predict.
Application level of think comes after comprehension level. It requires to solve problems by selecting and utilizing the appropriate concepts, principle or theories. The word clues are change, compute, demonstrate, discover, etc. Similarly after application level comes analysis level. The word clues are breakdown, differentiate, discriminate, infer, outline, etc. Synthesis level of thinking helps to combine the discrete item to a big. The word clues used for it are categorize, write, relate, reconstruct, design, etc. The upper level of thinking is evaluation which is a process of making a value judgment. The word clues for it are justify, support, appraise, judge and conclude.
Reading beyond the Words
Bloom’s Taxonomy of knowledge helps teachers to use as curriculum guide and assessment tool. They are in pyramid structure. The first one is knowledge. The word clues for it are define, describe, label, list, match, reproduce, select and state. After knowledge level is comprehension level which helps to develop conclusion or make predictions about knowledge we gain. The word clues for it are convert, defend, explain, infer, summarize, recruit, distinguish and predict.
Application level of think comes after comprehension level. It requires to solve problems by selecting and utilizing the appropriate concepts, principle or theories. The word clues are change, compute, demonstrate, discover, etc. Similarly after application level comes analysis level. The word clues are breakdown, differentiate, discriminate, infer, outline, etc. Synthesis level of thinking helps to combine the discrete item to a big. The word clues used for it are categorize, write, relate, reconstruct, design, etc. The upper level of thinking is evaluation which is a process of making a value judgment. The word clues for it are justify, support, appraise, judge and conclude.
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Summary of chapter 12 (CRCB)
Summary of Chapter 12 (CRCB)
Identifying and Evaluating Argument
Identifying and Evaluating argument lets us examine author’s line of reasoning. In every argument, there are two parts. They are reasons and conclusion. A reason is statement that supports conclusion. The word clues for reason are first of all, as shown by, because, etc. Similarly, conclusion is judgment or decision obtained after evaluation. The word clues for conclusion are consequently, therefore, hence, so, then, etc.
The two types of argument are deductive argument and inductive argument. Deductive argument is based on premises whereas inductive argument is based on observation. It is very essential for us to evaluate argument because it helps to understand author’s ideas more clearly.
Identifying and Evaluating Argument
Identifying and Evaluating argument lets us examine author’s line of reasoning. In every argument, there are two parts. They are reasons and conclusion. A reason is statement that supports conclusion. The word clues for reason are first of all, as shown by, because, etc. Similarly, conclusion is judgment or decision obtained after evaluation. The word clues for conclusion are consequently, therefore, hence, so, then, etc.
The two types of argument are deductive argument and inductive argument. Deductive argument is based on premises whereas inductive argument is based on observation. It is very essential for us to evaluate argument because it helps to understand author’s ideas more clearly.
Summary of chapter 11 (CRCB)
Summary of Chapter 11 (CRCB)
Visual Aids
Visual Aids are tools designed to learn and remember new concept and key information. They provide quick format for information that shows how ideas connect or relate to each other. They also help reader to remember information. Visual aids are mostly used in order to enhance and clarify written text.
The different types of visual aid are charts, tables, diagram, graph, charts and tables help to relate different outline information with each other. Diagrams usually compare and contrast with each other or demonstrate cause and effect. Graphs are of different kind. They are bar graphs, line graphs, pie charts, pictograph, time line and outline. Outline helps to provide framework of text. Therefore visual aids provide great effort to make an effective reading and study strategy.
Visual Aids
Visual Aids are tools designed to learn and remember new concept and key information. They provide quick format for information that shows how ideas connect or relate to each other. They also help reader to remember information. Visual aids are mostly used in order to enhance and clarify written text.
The different types of visual aid are charts, tables, diagram, graph, charts and tables help to relate different outline information with each other. Diagrams usually compare and contrast with each other or demonstrate cause and effect. Graphs are of different kind. They are bar graphs, line graphs, pie charts, pictograph, time line and outline. Outline helps to provide framework of text. Therefore visual aids provide great effort to make an effective reading and study strategy.
Summary of chapter 11 (TFY)
Summary of Chapter 11 (TFY)
Inductive Reasoning
Inductive reasoning is a method used to discover new information or to supply missing information. It is an open end method of learning and discovering. The different traditional method of inductive reasoning is sensory observation, enumeration, analogical reasoning, discovering pattern, causal reasoning, hypotheses, statistics and probability. It is a method for obtaining information when it would be impossible to examine all the data available.
Inductive Reasoning
Inductive reasoning is a method used to discover new information or to supply missing information. It is an open end method of learning and discovering. The different traditional method of inductive reasoning is sensory observation, enumeration, analogical reasoning, discovering pattern, causal reasoning, hypotheses, statistics and probability. It is a method for obtaining information when it would be impossible to examine all the data available.
Summary of chapter 10 (TFY)
Summary of Chapter 10 (TFY)
Fallacies
Fallacy is defined as a false idea that many people believe is true. It helps in pseudo-reasoning. Fallacies usually manipulate through language, emotions and distraction. Fallacies that manipulate through language are word ambiguity, misleading euphemisms and prejudicial language.
Similarly, fallacies that manipulates through emotion are appeal to fear, appeal to pity, appeal to false authority, appeal to bandwagon and appeal to prejudice.
Fallacies that manipulates through distraction are red herring, pointing to another wrong, straw man and circular reasoning.
Fallacies
Fallacy is defined as a false idea that many people believe is true. It helps in pseudo-reasoning. Fallacies usually manipulate through language, emotions and distraction. Fallacies that manipulate through language are word ambiguity, misleading euphemisms and prejudicial language.
Similarly, fallacies that manipulates through emotion are appeal to fear, appeal to pity, appeal to false authority, appeal to bandwagon and appeal to prejudice.
Fallacies that manipulates through distraction are red herring, pointing to another wrong, straw man and circular reasoning.
Summary of chapter 9 (TFY)
Summary of Chapter 9 (TFY)
Arguments
Argument is a conversation or discussion in which two or more people disagree. They usually represent bias, interest and objectives of a viewpoint. Argument and report are two different terms. The purpose of report is to offer information whereas argument is to advocate opinions. Argument can be structured in terms of reasons and conclusions. Reasons offer explanation, justification or support to the conclusion of an argument.
Arguments
Argument is a conversation or discussion in which two or more people disagree. They usually represent bias, interest and objectives of a viewpoint. Argument and report are two different terms. The purpose of report is to offer information whereas argument is to advocate opinions. Argument can be structured in terms of reasons and conclusions. Reasons offer explanation, justification or support to the conclusion of an argument.
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