Sunday, December 7, 2008
summary of chapter 12 (TFY)
Summary of chapter 12 (TFY)
Deductive Reasoning
Deductive reasoning is a process of starting with one or more premises. The main objective of deductive reasoning is to draw a correct inference from group of claims. It helps to reason well with the information we have already acquired. The main focus of deductive reasoning is on logic and rules of reasoning. Therefore deductive reasoning is not isolated pursuits but are mentally interwoven both in major and mundane problem solving.
Deductive Reasoning
Deductive reasoning is a process of starting with one or more premises. The main objective of deductive reasoning is to draw a correct inference from group of claims. It helps to reason well with the information we have already acquired. The main focus of deductive reasoning is on logic and rules of reasoning. Therefore deductive reasoning is not isolated pursuits but are mentally interwoven both in major and mundane problem solving.
summary of chapter 14 (CRCB)
Summary of chapter 14 (CRCB)
Evaluating Internet Resources
Internet has become important source to provide information in today’s world. Therefore, it is necessary for us to evaluate internet source in order to get reliable and useful information.
The different steps for evaluating internet resources are 1) know your purpose 2) double check your facts and sources 3) consider the source 4) evaluate the look and content of a site 5) consider the intended audience 6) evaluate the writing 7) compare content with what you already know. If we are able to use above mentioned steps then it helps us to be open minded skeptics.
Evaluating Internet Resources
Internet has become important source to provide information in today’s world. Therefore, it is necessary for us to evaluate internet source in order to get reliable and useful information.
The different steps for evaluating internet resources are 1) know your purpose 2) double check your facts and sources 3) consider the source 4) evaluate the look and content of a site 5) consider the intended audience 6) evaluate the writing 7) compare content with what you already know. If we are able to use above mentioned steps then it helps us to be open minded skeptics.
Monday, December 1, 2008
Summary of chapter 13 (CRCB)
Summary of Chapter 13 (CRCB)
Reading beyond the Words
Bloom’s Taxonomy of knowledge helps teachers to use as curriculum guide and assessment tool. They are in pyramid structure. The first one is knowledge. The word clues for it are define, describe, label, list, match, reproduce, select and state. After knowledge level is comprehension level which helps to develop conclusion or make predictions about knowledge we gain. The word clues for it are convert, defend, explain, infer, summarize, recruit, distinguish and predict.
Application level of think comes after comprehension level. It requires to solve problems by selecting and utilizing the appropriate concepts, principle or theories. The word clues are change, compute, demonstrate, discover, etc. Similarly after application level comes analysis level. The word clues are breakdown, differentiate, discriminate, infer, outline, etc. Synthesis level of thinking helps to combine the discrete item to a big. The word clues used for it are categorize, write, relate, reconstruct, design, etc. The upper level of thinking is evaluation which is a process of making a value judgment. The word clues for it are justify, support, appraise, judge and conclude.
Reading beyond the Words
Bloom’s Taxonomy of knowledge helps teachers to use as curriculum guide and assessment tool. They are in pyramid structure. The first one is knowledge. The word clues for it are define, describe, label, list, match, reproduce, select and state. After knowledge level is comprehension level which helps to develop conclusion or make predictions about knowledge we gain. The word clues for it are convert, defend, explain, infer, summarize, recruit, distinguish and predict.
Application level of think comes after comprehension level. It requires to solve problems by selecting and utilizing the appropriate concepts, principle or theories. The word clues are change, compute, demonstrate, discover, etc. Similarly after application level comes analysis level. The word clues are breakdown, differentiate, discriminate, infer, outline, etc. Synthesis level of thinking helps to combine the discrete item to a big. The word clues used for it are categorize, write, relate, reconstruct, design, etc. The upper level of thinking is evaluation which is a process of making a value judgment. The word clues for it are justify, support, appraise, judge and conclude.
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Summary of chapter 12 (CRCB)
Summary of Chapter 12 (CRCB)
Identifying and Evaluating Argument
Identifying and Evaluating argument lets us examine author’s line of reasoning. In every argument, there are two parts. They are reasons and conclusion. A reason is statement that supports conclusion. The word clues for reason are first of all, as shown by, because, etc. Similarly, conclusion is judgment or decision obtained after evaluation. The word clues for conclusion are consequently, therefore, hence, so, then, etc.
The two types of argument are deductive argument and inductive argument. Deductive argument is based on premises whereas inductive argument is based on observation. It is very essential for us to evaluate argument because it helps to understand author’s ideas more clearly.
Identifying and Evaluating Argument
Identifying and Evaluating argument lets us examine author’s line of reasoning. In every argument, there are two parts. They are reasons and conclusion. A reason is statement that supports conclusion. The word clues for reason are first of all, as shown by, because, etc. Similarly, conclusion is judgment or decision obtained after evaluation. The word clues for conclusion are consequently, therefore, hence, so, then, etc.
The two types of argument are deductive argument and inductive argument. Deductive argument is based on premises whereas inductive argument is based on observation. It is very essential for us to evaluate argument because it helps to understand author’s ideas more clearly.
Summary of chapter 11 (CRCB)
Summary of Chapter 11 (CRCB)
Visual Aids
Visual Aids are tools designed to learn and remember new concept and key information. They provide quick format for information that shows how ideas connect or relate to each other. They also help reader to remember information. Visual aids are mostly used in order to enhance and clarify written text.
The different types of visual aid are charts, tables, diagram, graph, charts and tables help to relate different outline information with each other. Diagrams usually compare and contrast with each other or demonstrate cause and effect. Graphs are of different kind. They are bar graphs, line graphs, pie charts, pictograph, time line and outline. Outline helps to provide framework of text. Therefore visual aids provide great effort to make an effective reading and study strategy.
Visual Aids
Visual Aids are tools designed to learn and remember new concept and key information. They provide quick format for information that shows how ideas connect or relate to each other. They also help reader to remember information. Visual aids are mostly used in order to enhance and clarify written text.
The different types of visual aid are charts, tables, diagram, graph, charts and tables help to relate different outline information with each other. Diagrams usually compare and contrast with each other or demonstrate cause and effect. Graphs are of different kind. They are bar graphs, line graphs, pie charts, pictograph, time line and outline. Outline helps to provide framework of text. Therefore visual aids provide great effort to make an effective reading and study strategy.
Summary of chapter 11 (TFY)
Summary of Chapter 11 (TFY)
Inductive Reasoning
Inductive reasoning is a method used to discover new information or to supply missing information. It is an open end method of learning and discovering. The different traditional method of inductive reasoning is sensory observation, enumeration, analogical reasoning, discovering pattern, causal reasoning, hypotheses, statistics and probability. It is a method for obtaining information when it would be impossible to examine all the data available.
Inductive Reasoning
Inductive reasoning is a method used to discover new information or to supply missing information. It is an open end method of learning and discovering. The different traditional method of inductive reasoning is sensory observation, enumeration, analogical reasoning, discovering pattern, causal reasoning, hypotheses, statistics and probability. It is a method for obtaining information when it would be impossible to examine all the data available.
Summary of chapter 10 (TFY)
Summary of Chapter 10 (TFY)
Fallacies
Fallacy is defined as a false idea that many people believe is true. It helps in pseudo-reasoning. Fallacies usually manipulate through language, emotions and distraction. Fallacies that manipulate through language are word ambiguity, misleading euphemisms and prejudicial language.
Similarly, fallacies that manipulates through emotion are appeal to fear, appeal to pity, appeal to false authority, appeal to bandwagon and appeal to prejudice.
Fallacies that manipulates through distraction are red herring, pointing to another wrong, straw man and circular reasoning.
Fallacies
Fallacy is defined as a false idea that many people believe is true. It helps in pseudo-reasoning. Fallacies usually manipulate through language, emotions and distraction. Fallacies that manipulate through language are word ambiguity, misleading euphemisms and prejudicial language.
Similarly, fallacies that manipulates through emotion are appeal to fear, appeal to pity, appeal to false authority, appeal to bandwagon and appeal to prejudice.
Fallacies that manipulates through distraction are red herring, pointing to another wrong, straw man and circular reasoning.
Summary of chapter 9 (TFY)
Summary of Chapter 9 (TFY)
Arguments
Argument is a conversation or discussion in which two or more people disagree. They usually represent bias, interest and objectives of a viewpoint. Argument and report are two different terms. The purpose of report is to offer information whereas argument is to advocate opinions. Argument can be structured in terms of reasons and conclusions. Reasons offer explanation, justification or support to the conclusion of an argument.
Arguments
Argument is a conversation or discussion in which two or more people disagree. They usually represent bias, interest and objectives of a viewpoint. Argument and report are two different terms. The purpose of report is to offer information whereas argument is to advocate opinions. Argument can be structured in terms of reasons and conclusions. Reasons offer explanation, justification or support to the conclusion of an argument.
Monday, November 17, 2008
summary of chapter 10 (CRCB)
Summary of Chapter 10 (CRCB)
Text book marking
Text book marking is a systematic way of marking or highlighting words, phrases and sentence. The various steps of textbook marking are 1) Preview 2) Study-Read 3) Mark or Highlight text 4) Write margin cues. We should also be able to mark lecture, lab assignment and unclear information. The various personal systems that can be used to develop textbook marking are using symbols and using highlighters.
Text book marking
Text book marking is a systematic way of marking or highlighting words, phrases and sentence. The various steps of textbook marking are 1) Preview 2) Study-Read 3) Mark or Highlight text 4) Write margin cues. We should also be able to mark lecture, lab assignment and unclear information. The various personal systems that can be used to develop textbook marking are using symbols and using highlighters.
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summary of chapter 9 (CRCB)
Summary of Chapter 9 (CRCB)
Preview, Study-Read and Review (PSR) Strategies
The Preview, Study-Read and Review strategies helps in direct questioning before, during and after reading. Preview strategy helps us to read actively. The different steps for preview strategy are skimming the reading, develop questions and predict content. Study-Read strategies are read and ask questions, understand sections, monitor your reading and determine main ideas. Review strategy helps to assess our overall understanding of the textbook material. The different steps for it are assessing our understanding of entire reading assignment and clarifying confusing parts.
Preview, Study-Read and Review (PSR) Strategies
The Preview, Study-Read and Review strategies helps in direct questioning before, during and after reading. Preview strategy helps us to read actively. The different steps for preview strategy are skimming the reading, develop questions and predict content. Study-Read strategies are read and ask questions, understand sections, monitor your reading and determine main ideas. Review strategy helps to assess our overall understanding of the textbook material. The different steps for it are assessing our understanding of entire reading assignment and clarifying confusing parts.
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Wednesday, November 12, 2008
Summary of CRCB chapter 8
Summary of chapter 8 (CRCB)
Text Book Method of Organization
Text book method of organization is used by author to present information in a logical format that is suitable for subject matter. Therefore author uses different pattern for it. They are listing, analysis, cause/effect, comparison/contrast, definition/example and sequence. List pattern gives a list of item in no specific order; items could be rearranged and the piece or writing would still make sense. For example first(ly), second(ly), and, also, etc. sequence pattern gives a list of items in a specific order. For example first, next, before, later, etc. Definition pattern tells the meaning of a term; often includes examples to illustrate the term. For example like, alike, same, difference, whereas, etc. Cause/Effect pattern presents the reasons and results of an event or condition. For example reason, because, due to, as a result, etc. Analysis pattern break a concept down into its specific characteristics, properties or basic elements. For example types, setting, factors, levels, etc.
Summary of TFY chapter 8
Summary of Chapter 8 (TFY)
View point
View point can be defined as way of thinking about a subject. It is not necessary that all people have same view point in particular subject. There are different types of view point such as socio-economic, political, ethnic, religious, etc. Unconscious viewpoint can be classified as egocentric, ethnocentric and religiocentric. The viewpoint can be expressed through images, words and framing given information.
Wednesday, October 22, 2008
Summary of CRCB chapter 6
Summary of Chapter 6 (CRCB)
Details
Details are the illustration and explanation of main ideas. They consist of facts. There are two types of details. They are major supporting detail and minor supporting details. Major supporting details are ideas and arguments whereas minor supporting details are clarity and enhancement of major details. Minor supporting details are directly related and support to major detail. It is very important to prioritize details as major details are crucial to understand a reading assignment.
Summary of CRCB chapter 5
Summary of Chapter 5 (CRCB)
Locating Stated Main Ideas
The ability to understand the main ideas of the article leads to understand theme of it. For this we should know the difference between topic, main ideas and detail. A topic gives general ideas. The main idea is the major point about topic and detail is supporting ideas. The various strategies for recognizing main ideas of our reading material are questioning yourself, looking in the usual spots, noticing word clues and categorizing an author’s point.
Summary of CRCB chapter 4
Summary of Chapter 4 (CRCB)
Efficient
Efficient
Summary of CRCB chapter 3
Summary of Chapter 3 (CRCB)
Memory
Memory is the process of storing information. Since it is a process there are three different stages. They are sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory. Sensory memory is temporary and has limited capacity. Short term memory is also temporary but has storage capacity for 20-30 second. Long term memory has storage capacity but connection is required.
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Summary of CRCB chapter 2
Summary of Chapter 2 (CRCB)
Vocabulary
Vocabulary is and important reading strategy which helps to understand a word’s meaning. Developing vocabulary helps to improve reading and listening comprehension. The two ways to understand new vocabulary are looking for clues and word part analysis. We can also remember new vocabulary by creating word map and card review system (CRS)
Summary of CRCB chapter 1
CRCB Chapter 1 Summary
Summary of chapter 7 (TFY)
Summary of Chapter 7(TFY)
Evaluation
Evaluation is also a type of opinion which means to examine, judge, appraise and estimate. They are not fact. The main factor affecting evaluations are feeling and expectation. There is a high need of skilled evaluations in order to get achievement. Evaluations are mainly used in advertisement and journalism to assure us.
Summary of chapter 6 (TFY)
Summary of Chapter 6 (TFY)
Opinion
Opinion can be expressed as the decision of a person. They are generally taken from experiences, adopt from other or store in our memory. Opinions are of different types. They are judgments, advice, and generalizations, personal preference and general public sentiment. We should be able to distinguish between responsible and irresponsible opinion so that we can make our own judgments about other’s opinion. Opinion functions as a claim in argument by providing sufficient evidence, facts and reasons.
Summary of chapter 5 (TFY)
Summary of Chapter 5(TFY)
Assumption
Assumption is something for granted or an idea without sufficient proof of its truth or certainty. Assumption can be conscious or unconscious and warranted and unwarranted. Assumption can also be intentionally conceived. Unconscious assumptions are also known as hidden assumption which exerts powerful effect on our reasoning. It is very hard to identify them. Assumption is mainly based on examples, facts, reasons, evidence and claims. There are three layers of assumption which can be explained as value assumption, hidden assumption and explicit reason.
Summary of chapter 3 (TFY)
Summary of Chapter 3 (TFY)
Facts
Facts are something which can be verified. It is something corresponds to reality. A fact can be verified through testimony of witnesses, observations, records, and documentation. Facts are not truth or reality but we can say facts are certainties in order to proceed through the world. Facts can be determined by verifiability, reliability, plausibility and probability.
Summary of chapter 4(TFY)
Summary of Chapter 4 (TFY)
Inference
Inference is the process of bringing imaginations in order to fill missing facts. Generally, inference is derived from fact or evidence. They are often confused with fact. Facts and inference are linked through generalizations. Generalizations is the topic sentence of paragraph which summarizes the main idea of paragraph by the conclusion drawn from facts and inferences.
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
TFY
Chapter 2 Summary
Word Precision
Word gives the form to our thoughts. So it should be clear and easily understood by others. Word should not create confusion on the mind of the person because it is only the medium for communication. Moreover single word may carry different meaning. We should be conscious about it as well. The meaning of the word given in the dictionary is the agreement that the society has made. Therefore we can also create our own definition formulated by our experiences. Whenever we will come across the unfamiliar words it is our duty to look in the dictionary to make it certain. Finally, we should never forget that Clear Thinking Depends On Clear Word Definitions.
Tuesday, October 14, 2008
TFY- Chapter 1 Summary
Observation Skills:
Observation is a process of sensing. So we should have proper observation in any matter. Either the matter is too big or too small, careful observation leads to the success. We can’t judge anything at one glance. For it there is a need of careful observation. Careful observation also leads to the conscious thinking habits. Though we have years of experience but if we don’t have careful observation on it, then we don’t have any achievement on it. Therefore careful observations give us the solution of any problems.
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